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What is CSS?
* CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
* Styles define how to display HTML elements
* Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem
* External Style Sheets can save a lot of work
* External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files
Styles Solved a Big Problem
HTML was never intended to contain tags for formatting a document.
HTML was intended to define the content of a document, like:
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
When tags like <font>, and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it started a nightmare for web developers. Development of large web sites, where fonts and color information were added to every single page, became a long and expensive process.
To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) created CSS.
In HTML 4.0, all formatting could be removed from the HTML document, and stored in a separate CSS file.
All browsers support CSS today.
CSS Saves a Lot of Work!
CSS defines HOW HTML elements are to be displayed.
Styles are normally saved in external .css files. External style sheets enable you to change the appearance and layout of all the pages in a Web site, just by editing one single file!
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CSS Syntax
A CSS rule has two main parts: a selector, and one or more declarations:
undefined
The selector is normally the HTML element you want to style.
Each declaration consists of a property and a value.
The property is the style attribute you want to change. Each property has a value.
CSS Example
A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and declaration groups are surrounded by curly brackets:
p {color:red;text-align:center;}
To make the CSS more readable, you can put one declaration on each line, like this:
Example
p
{
color:red;
text-align:center;
}
CSS Comments
Comments are used to explain your code, and may help you when you edit the source code at a later date. Comments are ignored by browsers.
A CSS comment begins with "/*", and ends with "*/", like this:
/*This is a comment*/
p
{
text-align:center;
/*This is another comment*/
color:black;
font-family:arial;
}
CSS Id and Class
The id and class Selectors
In addition to setting a style for a HTML element, CSS allows you to specify your own selectors called "id" and "class".
The id Selector
The id selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element.
The id selector uses the id attribute of the HTML element, and is defined with a "#".
The style rule below will be applied to the element with id="para1":
Example
#para1
{
text-align:center;
color:red;
}
The class Selector
The class selector is used to specify a style for a group of elements. Unlike the id selector, the class selector is most often used on several elements.
This allows you to set a particular style for many HTML elements with the same class.
The class selector uses the HTML class attribute, and is defined with a "."
In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:
Example
.center {text-align:center;}
You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class.
In the example below, all p elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:
Example
p.center {text-align:center;}
When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it.
Three Ways to Insert CSS
There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:
* External style sheet
* Internal style sheet
* Inline style
External Style Sheet
An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the head section:
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" />
</head>
An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain any html tags. Your style sheet should be saved with a .css extension. An example of a style sheet file is shown below:
hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}
Remark Do not leave spaces between the property value and the units! "margin-left:20 px" (instead of "margin-left:20px") will work in IE, but not in Firefox or Opera.
Internal Style Sheet
An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You define internal styles in the head section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag, like this:
<head>
<style type="text/css">
hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}
</style>
</head>
Inline Styles
An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing content with presentation. Use this method sparingly!
To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any CSS property. The example shows how to change the color and the left margin of a paragraph:
<p style="color:sienna;margin-left:20px">This is a paragraph.</p>
Multiple Style Sheets
If some properties have been set for the same selector in different style sheets, the values will be inherited from the more specific style sheet.
For example, an external style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:
h3
{
color:red;
text-align:left;
font-size:8pt;
}
And an internal style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:
h3
{
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt;
}
If the page with the internal style sheet also links to the external style sheet the properties for h3 will be:
color:red;
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt;
The color is inherited from the external style sheet and the text-alignment and the font-size is replaced by the internal style sheet.
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Multiple Styles Will Cascade into One
Styles can be specified:
* inside an HTML element
* inside the head section of an HTML page
* in an external CSS file
Tip: Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document.
Cascading order
What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element?
Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following rules, where number four has the highest priority:
1. Browser default
2. External style sheet
3. Internal style sheet (in the head section)
4. Inline style (inside an HTML element)
So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will override a style defined inside the <head> tag, or in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a default value).
Remark Note: If the link to the external style sheet is placed after the internal style sheet in HTML <head>, the external style sheet will override the internal style sheet!
CSS Background
Background Color
The background-color property specifies the background color of an element.
The background color of a page is defined in the body selector:
Example
body {background-color:#b0c4de;}
With CSS, a color is most often specified by:
* a HEX value - like "#ff0000"
* an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"
* a color name - like "red"
In the example below, the h1, p, and div elements have different background colors:
Example
h1 {background-color:#6495ed;}
p {background-color:#e0ffff;}
div {background-color:#b0c4de;}
Background Image
The background-image property specifies an image to use as the background of an element.
By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element.
The background image for a page can be set like this:
Example
body {background-image:url('paper.gif');}
Below is an example of a bad combination of text and background image. The text is almost not readable:
Example
body {background-image:url('bgdesert.jpg');}
Background Image - Repeat Horizontally or Vertically
By default, the background-image property repeats an image both horizontally and vertically.
Some images should be repeated only horizontally or vertically, or they will look strange, like this:
Example
body
{
background-image:url('gradient2.png');
}
If the image is repeated only horizontally (repeat-x), the background will look better:
Example
body
{
background-image:url('gradient2.png');
background-repeat:repeat-x;
}
Background Image - Set position and no-repeat
Remark When using a background image, use an image that does not disturb the text.
Showing the image only once is specified by the background-repeat property:
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Example
body
{
background-image:url('img_tree.png');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
}
In the example above, the background image is shown in the same place as the text. We want to change the position of the image, so that it does not disturb the text too much.
The position of the image is specified by the background-position property:
Example
body
{
background-image:url('img_tree.png');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
background-position:right top;
}
Background - Shorthand property
As you can see from the examples above, there are many properties to consider when dealing with backgrounds.
To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the properties in one single property. This is called a shorthand property.
The shorthand property for background is simply "background":
Example
body {background:#ffffff url('img_tree.png') no-repeat right top;}
When using the shorthand property the order of the property values are:
* background-color
* background-image
* background-repeat
* background-attachment
* background-position
It does not matter if one of the property values is missing, as long as the ones that are present are in this order.
More Examples
CSS background Property
Example
How to specify all the background properties in one declaration:
body
{
background: #00ff00 url('smiley.gif') no-repeat fixed center;
}
Definition and Usage
The background shorthand property sets all the background properties in one declaration.
The properties that can be set, are (in order): background-color, background-image, background-repeat, background-attachment, and background-position.
It does not matter if one of the values above are missing, e.g. background:#ff0000 url('smiley.gif'); is allowed.
Default value: not specified
Inherited: no
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.background="white url(paper.gif) repeat-y"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The background property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
CSS background-color Property
Example
Set the background-color of different elements:
body
{
background-color:yellow;
}
h1
{
background-color:#00ff00;
}
p
{
background-color:rgb(255,0,255);
}
Definition and Usage
The background-color property sets the background color of an element.
The background of an element is the total size of the element, including padding and border (but not the margin).
Default value: transparent
Inherited: no
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.backgroundColor="#00FF00"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The background-color property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
CSS background-image Property
Example
Set a background-image for the body element:
body
{
background-image:url('paper.gif');
}
Definition and Usage
The background-image property sets the background image for an element.
The background of an element is the total size of the element, including padding and border (but not the margin).
By default, a background-image is placed at the top-left corner of an element, and repeated both vertically and horizontally.
Default value: none
Inherited: no
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.backgroundImage="url(stars.gif)"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The background-image property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
Tips and Notes
Tip: Always set a background-color to be used if the image is unavailable.
Property Values
Value Description
url('URL') The URL to the image
none No background image will be displayed. This is default
inherit Specifies that the background image should be inherited from the parent element
CSS background-repeat Property
Example
Repeat a background-image only vertically:
body
{
background-image:url('paper.gif');
background-repeat:repeat-y;
}
Definition and Usage
The background-repeat property sets if/how a background image will be repeated.
By default, a background-image is repeated both vertically and horizontally.
Default value: repeat
Inherited: no
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.backgroundRepeat="repeat-y"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The background-repeat property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
Tips and Notes
Tip: The background image is placed according to the background-position property. If no background-position is specified, the image is always placed at the element’s top left corner.
Property Values
Value Description
repeat The background image will be repeated both vertically and horizontally. This is default
repeat-x The background image will be repeated only horizontally
repeat-y The background image will be repeated only vertically
no-repeat The background-image will not be repeated
inherit Specifies that the setting of the background-repeat property should be inherited from the parent element
CSS background-attachment Property
Example
How to specify a fixed background-image:
body
{
background-image:url('smiley.gif');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
background-attachment:fixed;
}
Definition and Usage
The background-attachment property sets whether a background image is fixed or scrolls with the rest of the page.
Default value: scroll
Inherited: no
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.backgroundAttachment="fixed"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The background-attachment property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
Property Values
Value Description
scroll The background image scrolls with the rest of the page. This is default
fixed The background image is fixed
inherit Specifies that the setting of the background-attachment property should be inherited from the parent element
CSS background-position Property
Example
How to position a background-image:
body
{
background-image:url('smiley.gif');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
background-attachment:fixed;
background-position:center;
}
Definition and Usage
The background-position property sets the starting position of a background image.
Note: For this to work in Firefox and Opera, the background-attachment property must be set to "fixed".
Default value: 0% 0%
Inherited: no
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.backgroundPosition="center"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The background-position property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
Property Values
Value Description
left top
left center
left bottom
right top
right center
right bottom
center top
center center
center bottom If you only specify one keyword, the other value will be "center"
x% y% The first value is the horizontal position and the second value is the vertical. The top left corner is 0% 0%. The right bottom corner is 100% 100%. If you only specify one value, the other value will be 50%. . Default value is: 0% 0%
xpos ypos The first value is the horizontal position and the second value is the vertical. The top left corner is 0 0. Units can be pixels (0px 0px) or any other CSS units. If you only specify one value, the other value will be 50%. You can mix % and positions
inherit Specifies that the setting of the background-position property should be inherited from the parent element
CSS Text
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text formatting
This text is styled with some of the text formatting properties. The heading uses the text-align, text-transform, and color properties. The paragraph is indented, aligned, and the space between characters is specified. The underline is removed from the "Try it yourself" link.
Text Color
The color property is used to set the color of the text.
With CSS, a color is most often specified by:
* a HEX value - like "#ff0000"
* an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"
* a color name - like "red"
The default color for a page is defined in the body selector.
Example
body {color:blue;}
h1 {color:#00ff00;}
h2 {color:rgb(255,0,0);}
For W3C compliant CSS: If you define the color property, you must also define the background-color property.
Text Alignment
The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text.
Text can be centered, or aligned to the left or right, or justified.
When text-align is set to "justify", each line is stretched so that every line has equal width, and the left and right margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers).
Example
h1 {text-align:center;}
p.date {text-align:right;}
p.main {text-align:justify;}
Text Decoration
The text-decoration property is used to set or remove decorations from text.
The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links for design purposes:
Example
a {text-decoration:none;}
It can also be used to decorate text:
Example
h1 {text-decoration:overline;}
h2 {text-decoration:line-through;}
h3 {text-decoration:underline;}
h4 {text-decoration:blink;}
It is not recommended to underline text that is not a link, as this often confuses users.
Text Transformation
The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and lowercase letters in a text.
It can be used to turn everything into uppercase or lowercase letters, or capitalize the first letter of each word.
Example
p.uppercase {text-transform:uppercase;}
p.lowercase {text-transform:lowercase;}
p.capitalize {text-transform:capitalize;}
Text Indentation
The text-indentation property is used to specify the indentation of the first line of a text.
Example
p {text-indent:50px;}
All CSS Text Properties
Property Description
color Sets the color of text
direction Specifies the text direction/writing direction
letter-spacing Increases or decreases the space between characters in a text
line-height Sets the line height
text-align Specifies the horizontal alignment of text
text-decoration Specifies the decoration added to text
text-indent Specifies the indentation of the first line in a text-block
text-shadow Specifies the shadow effect added to text
text-transform Controls the capitalization of text
unicode-bidi
vertical-align Sets the vertical alignment of an element
white-space Specifies how white-space inside an element is handled
word-spacing Increases or decreases the space between words in a text
CSS Font
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CSS font properties define the font family, boldness, size, and the style of a text.
Difference Between Serif and Sans-serif Fonts
Serif vs. Sans-serifRemark On computer screens, sans-serif fonts are considered easier to read than serif fonts.
CSS Font Families
In CSS, there are two types of font family names:
* generic family - a group of font families with a similar look (like "Serif" or "Monospace")
* font family - a specific font family (like "Times New Roman" or "Arial")
Generic family Font family Description
Serif Times New Roman
Georgia Serif fonts have small lines at the ends on some characters
Sans-serif Arial
Verdana "Sans" means without - these fonts do not have the lines at the ends of characters
Monospace Courier New
Lucida Console All monospace characters have the same width
Font Family
The font family of a text is set with the font-family property.
The font-family property should hold several font names as a "fallback" system. If the browser does not support the first font, it tries the next font.
Start with the font you want, and end with a generic family, to let the browser pick a similar font in the generic family, if no other fonts are available.
Note: If the name of a font family is more than one word, it must be in quotation marks, like font-family: "Times New Roman".
More than one font family is specified in a comma-separated list:
Example
p{font-family:"Times New Roman", Times, serif;}
Font Style
The font-style property is mostly used to specify italic text.
This property has three values:
* normal - The text is shown normally
* italic - The text is shown in italics
* oblique - The text is "leaning" (oblique is very similar to italic, but less supported)
Example
p.normal {font-style:normal;}
p.italic {font-style:italic;}
p.oblique {font-style:oblique;}
Font Size
The font-size property sets the size of the text.
Being able to manage the text size is important in web design. However, you should not use font size adjustments to make paragraphs look like headings, or headings look like paragraphs.
Always use the proper HTML tags, like <h1> - <h6> for headings and <p> for paragraphs.
The font-size value can be an absolute, or relative size.
Absolute size:
* Sets the text to a specified size
* Does not allow a user to change the text size in all browsers (bad for accessibility reasons)
* Absolute size is useful when the physical size of the output is known
Relative size:
* Sets the size relative to surrounding elements
* Allows a user to change the text size in browsers
Remark If you do not specify a font size, the default size for normal text, like paragraphs, is 16px (16px=1em).
Set Font Size With Pixels
Setting the text size with pixels, gives you full control over the text size:
Example
h1 {font-size:40px;}
h2 {font-size:30px;}
p {font-size:14px;}
The example above allows Firefox, Chrome, and Safari to resize the text, but not Internet Explorer.
The text can be resized in all browsers using the zoom tool (however, this resizes the entire page, not just the text).
Set Font Size With Em
To avoid the resizing problem with Internet Explorer, many developers use em instead of pixels.
The em size unit is recommended by the W3C.
1em is equal to the current font size. The default text size in browsers is 16px. So, the default size of 1em is 16px.
The size can be calculated from pixels to em using this formula: pixels/16=em
Example
h1 {font-size:2.5em;} /* 40px/16=2.5em */
h2 {font-size:1.875em;} /* 30px/16=1.875em */
p {font-size:0.875em;} /* 14px/16=0.875em */
In the example above, the text size in em is the same as the previous example in pixels. However, with the em size, it is possible to adjust the text size in all browsers.
Unfortunately, there is still a problem with IE. When resizing the text, it becomes larger than it should when made larger, and smaller than it should when made smaller.
Use a Combination of Percent and Em
The solution that works in all browsers, is to set a default font-size in percent for the body element:
Example
body {font-size:100%;}
h1 {font-size:2.5em;}
h2 {font-size:1.875em;}
p {font-size:0.875em;}
All CSS Font Properties
Property Description
font Sets all the font properties in one declaration
font-family Specifies the font family for text
font-size Specifies the font size of text
font-style Specifies the font style for text
font-variant Specifies whether or not a text should be displayed in a small-caps font
font-weight Specifies the weight of a font
CSS Links
Styling Links
Links can be styled with any CSS property (e.g. color, font-family, background, etc.).
Special for links are that they can be styled differently depending on what state they are in.
The four links states are:
* a:link - a normal, unvisited link
* a:visited - a link the user has visited
* a:hover - a link when the user mouses over it
* a:active - a link the moment it is clicked
Example
a:link {color:#FF0000;} /* unvisited link */
a:visited {color:#00FF00;} /* visited link */
a:hover {color:#FF00FF;} /* mouse over link */
a:active {color:#0000FF;} /* selected link */
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When setting the style for several link states, there are some order rules:
* a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited
* a:active MUST come after a:hover
Common Link Styles
In the example above the link changes color depending on what state it is in.
Lets go through some of the other common ways to style links:
Text Decoration
The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links:
Example
a:link {text-decoration:none;}
a:visited {text-decoration:none;}
a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}
a:active {text-decoration:underline;}
Background Color
The background-color property specifies the background color for links:
Example
a:link {background-color:#B2FF99;}
a:visited {background-color:#FFFF85;}
a:hover {background-color:#FF704D;}
a:active {background-color:#FF704D;}
CSS Lists
The CSS list properties allow you to:
* Set different list item markers for ordered lists
* Set different list item markers for unordered lists
* Set an image as the list item marker
List
In HTML, there are two types of lists:
* unordered lists - the list items are marked with bullets
* ordered lists - the list items are marked with numbers or letters
With CSS, lists can be styled further, and images can be used as the list item marker.
Different List Item Markers
The type of list item marker is specified with the list-style-type property:
Example
ul.a {list-style-type: circle;}
ul.b {list-style-type: square;}
ol.c {list-style-type: upper-roman;}
ol.d {list-style-type: lower-alpha;}
An Image as The List Item Marker
To specify an image as the list item marker, use the list-style-image property:
Example
ul
{
list-style-image: url('sqpurple.gif');
}
The example above does not display equally in all browsers. IE and Opera will display the image-marker a little bit higher than Firefox, Chrome, and Safari.
If you want the image-marker to be placed equally in all browsers, a crossbrowser solution is explained below.
Crossbrowser Solution
The following example displays the image-marker equally in all browsers:
Example
ul
{
list-style-type: none;
padding: 0px;
margin: 0px;
}
li
{
background-image: url(sqpurple.gif);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: 0px 5px;
padding-left: 14px;
}
Example explained:
* For ul:
o Set the list-style-type to none to remove the list item marker
o Set both padding and margin to 0px (for cross-browser compatibility)
* For li:
o Set the URL of the image, and show it only once (no-repeat)
o Position the image where you want it (left 0px and down 5px)
o Position the text in the list with padding-left
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List - Shorthand property
It is also possible to specify all the list properties in one, single property. This is called a shorthand property.
The shorthand property used for lists, is the list-style property:
Example
ul
{
list-style: square url("sqpurple.gif");
}
When using the shorthand property, the order of the values are:
* list-style-type
* list-style-position (for a description, see the CSS properties table below)
* list-style-image
It does not matter if one of the values above are missing, as long as the rest are in the specified order.
All CSS List Properties
CSS list-style Property
Example
Specify all the list properties in one declaration:
ul
{
list-style:square url("sqpurple.gif");
}
Definition and Usage
The list-style shorthand property sets all the list properties in one declaration.
The properties that can be set, are (in order): list-style-type, list-style-position, list-style-image.
If one of the values above are missing, e.g. "list-style:circle inside;", the default value for the missing property will be inserted, if any.
Default value: disc outside none
Inherited: yes
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.listStyle="decimal inside"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The list-style-image property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
CSS list-style-image Property
Example
Specify an image as the list-item marker in a list:
ul
{
list-style-image:url("/images/blueball.gif");
list-style-type:square;
}
Definition and Usage
The list-style-image property replaces the list-item marker with an image.
Note: Always specify the list-style-type property in addition. This property is used if the image for some reason is unavailable.
Default value: none
Inherited: yes
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.listStyleImage="url('/images/blueball.gif')"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The list-style-image property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
Property Values
Value Description
url The path to the image to be used as a list-item marker
none No image will be displayed. Instead, the list-style-type property will define what type of list marker will be rendered. This is default
inherit Specifies that the value of the list-style-image property should be inherited from the parent element
CSS list-style-position Property
Example
Specify that the the list-item markers should appear inside the content flow (results in an extra indentation):
ul
{
list-style-position:inside;
}
Definition and Usage
The list-style-position property specifies if the list-item markers should appear inside or outside the content flow.
Outside:
* Coffee
* Tea
* Coca-cola
Inside:
* Coffee
* Tea
* Coca-cola
Default value: outside
Inherited: yes
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.listStylePosition="inside"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The list-style-position property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
Property Values
Value Description
inside Indents the marker and the text. The bullets appear inside the content flow
outside Keeps the marker to the left of the text. The bullets appears outside the content flow. This is default
inherit Specifies that the value of the list-style-position property should be inherited from the parent element
CSS list-style-type Property
Example
Set some different list styles:
ul.circle {list-style-type:circle}
ul.square {list-style-type:square}
ol.upper-roman {list-style-type:upper-roman}
ol.lower-alpha {list-style-type:lower-alpha}
Definition and Usage
The list-style-type specifies the type of list-item marker in a list.
Default value: "disc" for <ul> and "decimal" for <ol>
Inherited: yes
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.listStyleType="square"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The list-style-type property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: IE9 and Opera 11 do not support: cjk-ideographic, hebrew, hiragana, hiragana-iroha, katakana, and katakana-iroha.
Note: IE8, and earlier, only support the property values: decimal-leading-zero, lower-greek, lower-latin, upper-latin, armenian, georgian, and inherit if a DOCTYPE is specified!
Property Values
Value Description
armenian The marker is traditional Armenian numbering
circle The marker is a circle
cjk-ideographic The marker is plain ideographic numbers
decimal The marker is a number. This is default for <ol>
decimal-leading-zero The marker is a number with leading zeros (01, 02, 03, etc.)
disc The marker is a filled circle. This is default for <ul>
georgian The marker is traditional Georgian numbering
hebrew The marker is traditional Hebrew numbering
hiragana The marker is traditional Hiragana numbering
hiragana-iroha The marker is traditional Hiragana iroha numbering
inherit The value of the listStyleType property is inherited from parent element
katakana The marker is traditional Katakana numbering
katakana-iroha The marker is traditional Katakana iroha numbering
lower-alpha The marker is lower-alpha (a, b, c, d, e, etc.)
lower-greek The marker is lower-greek
lower-latin The marker is lower-latin (a, b, c, d, e, etc.)
lower-roman The marker is lower-roman (i, ii, iii, iv, v, etc.)
none No marker is shown
square The marker is a square
upper-alpha The marker is upper-alpha (A, B, C, D, E, etc.)
upper-latin The marker is upper-latin (A, B, C, D, E, etc.)
upper-roman The marker is upper-roman (I, II, III, IV, V, etc.)
CSS Tables
Table Borders
To specify table borders in CSS, use the border property.
The example below specifies a black border for table, th, and td elements:
Example
table, th, td
{
border: 1px solid black;
}
Notice that the table in the example above has double borders. This is because both the table, th, and td elements have separate borders.
To display a single border for the table, use the border-collapse property.
Collapse Borders
The border-collapse property sets whether the table borders are collapsed into a single border or separated:
Example
table
{
border-collapse:collapse;
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}
table,th, td
{
border: 1px solid black;
}
Table Width and Height
Width and height of a table is defined by the width and height properties.
The example below sets the width of the table to 100%, and the height of the th elements to 50px:
Example
table
{
width:100%;
}
th
{
height:50px;
}
Table Text Alignment
The text in a table is aligned with the text-align and vertical-align properties.
The text-align property sets the horizontal alignment, like left, right, or center:
Example
td
{
text-align:right;
}
The vertical-align property sets the vertical alignment, like top, bottom, or middle:
Example
td
{
height:50px;
vertical-align:bottom;
}
Table Padding
To control the space between the border and content in a table, use the padding property on td and th elements:
Example
td
{
padding:15px;
}
Table Color
The example below specifies the color of the borders, and the text and background color of th elements:
Example
table, td, th
{
border:1px solid green;
}
th
{
background-color:green;
color:white;
}
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Css test answer of odesk
test yourselfWhat is CSS?
* CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
* Styles define how to display HTML elements
* Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem
* External Style Sheets can save a lot of work
* External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files
Styles Solved a Big Problem
HTML was never intended to contain tags for formatting a document.
HTML was intended to define the content of a document, like:
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
When tags like <font>, and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it started a nightmare for web developers. Development of large web sites, where fonts and color information were added to every single page, became a long and expensive process.
To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) created CSS.
In HTML 4.0, all formatting could be removed from the HTML document, and stored in a separate CSS file.
All browsers support CSS today.
CSS Saves a Lot of Work!
CSS defines HOW HTML elements are to be displayed.
Styles are normally saved in external .css files. External style sheets enable you to change the appearance and layout of all the pages in a Web site, just by editing one single file!
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CSS Syntax
A CSS rule has two main parts: a selector, and one or more declarations:
undefined
The selector is normally the HTML element you want to style.
Each declaration consists of a property and a value.
The property is the style attribute you want to change. Each property has a value.
CSS Example
A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and declaration groups are surrounded by curly brackets:
p {color:red;text-align:center;}
To make the CSS more readable, you can put one declaration on each line, like this:
Example
p
{
color:red;
text-align:center;
}
CSS Comments
Comments are used to explain your code, and may help you when you edit the source code at a later date. Comments are ignored by browsers.
A CSS comment begins with "/*", and ends with "*/", like this:
/*This is a comment*/
p
{
text-align:center;
/*This is another comment*/
color:black;
font-family:arial;
}
CSS Id and Class
The id and class Selectors
In addition to setting a style for a HTML element, CSS allows you to specify your own selectors called "id" and "class".
The id Selector
The id selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element.
The id selector uses the id attribute of the HTML element, and is defined with a "#".
The style rule below will be applied to the element with id="para1":
Example
#para1
{
text-align:center;
color:red;
}
The class Selector
The class selector is used to specify a style for a group of elements. Unlike the id selector, the class selector is most often used on several elements.
This allows you to set a particular style for many HTML elements with the same class.
The class selector uses the HTML class attribute, and is defined with a "."
In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:
Example
.center {text-align:center;}
You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class.
In the example below, all p elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:
Example
p.center {text-align:center;}
When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it.
Three Ways to Insert CSS
There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:
* External style sheet
* Internal style sheet
* Inline style
External Style Sheet
An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the head section:
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" />
</head>
An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain any html tags. Your style sheet should be saved with a .css extension. An example of a style sheet file is shown below:
hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}
Remark Do not leave spaces between the property value and the units! "margin-left:20 px" (instead of "margin-left:20px") will work in IE, but not in Firefox or Opera.
Internal Style Sheet
An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You define internal styles in the head section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag, like this:
<head>
<style type="text/css">
hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}
</style>
</head>
Inline Styles
An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing content with presentation. Use this method sparingly!
To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any CSS property. The example shows how to change the color and the left margin of a paragraph:
<p style="color:sienna;margin-left:20px">This is a paragraph.</p>
Multiple Style Sheets
If some properties have been set for the same selector in different style sheets, the values will be inherited from the more specific style sheet.
For example, an external style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:
h3
{
color:red;
text-align:left;
font-size:8pt;
}
And an internal style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:
h3
{
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt;
}
If the page with the internal style sheet also links to the external style sheet the properties for h3 will be:
color:red;
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt;
The color is inherited from the external style sheet and the text-alignment and the font-size is replaced by the internal style sheet.
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Multiple Styles Will Cascade into One
Styles can be specified:
* inside an HTML element
* inside the head section of an HTML page
* in an external CSS file
Tip: Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document.
Cascading order
What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element?
Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following rules, where number four has the highest priority:
1. Browser default
2. External style sheet
3. Internal style sheet (in the head section)
4. Inline style (inside an HTML element)
So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will override a style defined inside the <head> tag, or in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a default value).
Remark Note: If the link to the external style sheet is placed after the internal style sheet in HTML <head>, the external style sheet will override the internal style sheet!
CSS Background
Background Color
The background-color property specifies the background color of an element.
The background color of a page is defined in the body selector:
Example
body {background-color:#b0c4de;}
With CSS, a color is most often specified by:
* a HEX value - like "#ff0000"
* an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"
* a color name - like "red"
In the example below, the h1, p, and div elements have different background colors:
Example
h1 {background-color:#6495ed;}
p {background-color:#e0ffff;}
div {background-color:#b0c4de;}
Background Image
The background-image property specifies an image to use as the background of an element.
By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element.
The background image for a page can be set like this:
Example
body {background-image:url('paper.gif');}
Below is an example of a bad combination of text and background image. The text is almost not readable:
Example
body {background-image:url('bgdesert.jpg');}
Background Image - Repeat Horizontally or Vertically
By default, the background-image property repeats an image both horizontally and vertically.
Some images should be repeated only horizontally or vertically, or they will look strange, like this:
Example
body
{
background-image:url('gradient2.png');
}
If the image is repeated only horizontally (repeat-x), the background will look better:
Example
body
{
background-image:url('gradient2.png');
background-repeat:repeat-x;
}
Background Image - Set position and no-repeat
Remark When using a background image, use an image that does not disturb the text.
Showing the image only once is specified by the background-repeat property:
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Example
body
{
background-image:url('img_tree.png');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
}
In the example above, the background image is shown in the same place as the text. We want to change the position of the image, so that it does not disturb the text too much.
The position of the image is specified by the background-position property:
Example
body
{
background-image:url('img_tree.png');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
background-position:right top;
}
Background - Shorthand property
As you can see from the examples above, there are many properties to consider when dealing with backgrounds.
To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the properties in one single property. This is called a shorthand property.
The shorthand property for background is simply "background":
Example
body {background:#ffffff url('img_tree.png') no-repeat right top;}
When using the shorthand property the order of the property values are:
* background-color
* background-image
* background-repeat
* background-attachment
* background-position
It does not matter if one of the property values is missing, as long as the ones that are present are in this order.
More Examples
CSS background Property
Example
How to specify all the background properties in one declaration:
body
{
background: #00ff00 url('smiley.gif') no-repeat fixed center;
}
Definition and Usage
The background shorthand property sets all the background properties in one declaration.
The properties that can be set, are (in order): background-color, background-image, background-repeat, background-attachment, and background-position.
It does not matter if one of the values above are missing, e.g. background:#ff0000 url('smiley.gif'); is allowed.
Default value: not specified
Inherited: no
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.background="white url(paper.gif) repeat-y"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The background property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
CSS background-color Property
Example
Set the background-color of different elements:
body
{
background-color:yellow;
}
h1
{
background-color:#00ff00;
}
p
{
background-color:rgb(255,0,255);
}
Definition and Usage
The background-color property sets the background color of an element.
The background of an element is the total size of the element, including padding and border (but not the margin).
Default value: transparent
Inherited: no
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.backgroundColor="#00FF00"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The background-color property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
CSS background-image Property
Example
Set a background-image for the body element:
body
{
background-image:url('paper.gif');
}
Definition and Usage
The background-image property sets the background image for an element.
The background of an element is the total size of the element, including padding and border (but not the margin).
By default, a background-image is placed at the top-left corner of an element, and repeated both vertically and horizontally.
Default value: none
Inherited: no
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.backgroundImage="url(stars.gif)"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The background-image property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
Tips and Notes
Tip: Always set a background-color to be used if the image is unavailable.
Property Values
Value Description
url('URL') The URL to the image
none No background image will be displayed. This is default
inherit Specifies that the background image should be inherited from the parent element
CSS background-repeat Property
Example
Repeat a background-image only vertically:
body
{
background-image:url('paper.gif');
background-repeat:repeat-y;
}
Definition and Usage
The background-repeat property sets if/how a background image will be repeated.
By default, a background-image is repeated both vertically and horizontally.
Default value: repeat
Inherited: no
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.backgroundRepeat="repeat-y"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The background-repeat property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
Tips and Notes
Tip: The background image is placed according to the background-position property. If no background-position is specified, the image is always placed at the element’s top left corner.
Property Values
Value Description
repeat The background image will be repeated both vertically and horizontally. This is default
repeat-x The background image will be repeated only horizontally
repeat-y The background image will be repeated only vertically
no-repeat The background-image will not be repeated
inherit Specifies that the setting of the background-repeat property should be inherited from the parent element
CSS background-attachment Property
Example
How to specify a fixed background-image:
body
{
background-image:url('smiley.gif');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
background-attachment:fixed;
}
Definition and Usage
The background-attachment property sets whether a background image is fixed or scrolls with the rest of the page.
Default value: scroll
Inherited: no
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.backgroundAttachment="fixed"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The background-attachment property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
Property Values
Value Description
scroll The background image scrolls with the rest of the page. This is default
fixed The background image is fixed
inherit Specifies that the setting of the background-attachment property should be inherited from the parent element
CSS background-position Property
Example
How to position a background-image:
body
{
background-image:url('smiley.gif');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
background-attachment:fixed;
background-position:center;
}
Definition and Usage
The background-position property sets the starting position of a background image.
Note: For this to work in Firefox and Opera, the background-attachment property must be set to "fixed".
Default value: 0% 0%
Inherited: no
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.backgroundPosition="center"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The background-position property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
Property Values
Value Description
left top
left center
left bottom
right top
right center
right bottom
center top
center center
center bottom If you only specify one keyword, the other value will be "center"
x% y% The first value is the horizontal position and the second value is the vertical. The top left corner is 0% 0%. The right bottom corner is 100% 100%. If you only specify one value, the other value will be 50%. . Default value is: 0% 0%
xpos ypos The first value is the horizontal position and the second value is the vertical. The top left corner is 0 0. Units can be pixels (0px 0px) or any other CSS units. If you only specify one value, the other value will be 50%. You can mix % and positions
inherit Specifies that the setting of the background-position property should be inherited from the parent element
CSS Text
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text formatting
This text is styled with some of the text formatting properties. The heading uses the text-align, text-transform, and color properties. The paragraph is indented, aligned, and the space between characters is specified. The underline is removed from the "Try it yourself" link.
Text Color
The color property is used to set the color of the text.
With CSS, a color is most often specified by:
* a HEX value - like "#ff0000"
* an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"
* a color name - like "red"
The default color for a page is defined in the body selector.
Example
body {color:blue;}
h1 {color:#00ff00;}
h2 {color:rgb(255,0,0);}
For W3C compliant CSS: If you define the color property, you must also define the background-color property.
Text Alignment
The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text.
Text can be centered, or aligned to the left or right, or justified.
When text-align is set to "justify", each line is stretched so that every line has equal width, and the left and right margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers).
Example
h1 {text-align:center;}
p.date {text-align:right;}
p.main {text-align:justify;}
Text Decoration
The text-decoration property is used to set or remove decorations from text.
The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links for design purposes:
Example
a {text-decoration:none;}
It can also be used to decorate text:
Example
h1 {text-decoration:overline;}
h2 {text-decoration:line-through;}
h3 {text-decoration:underline;}
h4 {text-decoration:blink;}
It is not recommended to underline text that is not a link, as this often confuses users.
Text Transformation
The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and lowercase letters in a text.
It can be used to turn everything into uppercase or lowercase letters, or capitalize the first letter of each word.
Example
p.uppercase {text-transform:uppercase;}
p.lowercase {text-transform:lowercase;}
p.capitalize {text-transform:capitalize;}
Text Indentation
The text-indentation property is used to specify the indentation of the first line of a text.
Example
p {text-indent:50px;}
All CSS Text Properties
Property Description
color Sets the color of text
direction Specifies the text direction/writing direction
letter-spacing Increases or decreases the space between characters in a text
line-height Sets the line height
text-align Specifies the horizontal alignment of text
text-decoration Specifies the decoration added to text
text-indent Specifies the indentation of the first line in a text-block
text-shadow Specifies the shadow effect added to text
text-transform Controls the capitalization of text
unicode-bidi
vertical-align Sets the vertical alignment of an element
white-space Specifies how white-space inside an element is handled
word-spacing Increases or decreases the space between words in a text
CSS Font
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CSS font properties define the font family, boldness, size, and the style of a text.
Difference Between Serif and Sans-serif Fonts
Serif vs. Sans-serifRemark On computer screens, sans-serif fonts are considered easier to read than serif fonts.
CSS Font Families
In CSS, there are two types of font family names:
* generic family - a group of font families with a similar look (like "Serif" or "Monospace")
* font family - a specific font family (like "Times New Roman" or "Arial")
Generic family Font family Description
Serif Times New Roman
Georgia Serif fonts have small lines at the ends on some characters
Sans-serif Arial
Verdana "Sans" means without - these fonts do not have the lines at the ends of characters
Monospace Courier New
Lucida Console All monospace characters have the same width
Font Family
The font family of a text is set with the font-family property.
The font-family property should hold several font names as a "fallback" system. If the browser does not support the first font, it tries the next font.
Start with the font you want, and end with a generic family, to let the browser pick a similar font in the generic family, if no other fonts are available.
Note: If the name of a font family is more than one word, it must be in quotation marks, like font-family: "Times New Roman".
More than one font family is specified in a comma-separated list:
Example
p{font-family:"Times New Roman", Times, serif;}
Font Style
The font-style property is mostly used to specify italic text.
This property has three values:
* normal - The text is shown normally
* italic - The text is shown in italics
* oblique - The text is "leaning" (oblique is very similar to italic, but less supported)
Example
p.normal {font-style:normal;}
p.italic {font-style:italic;}
p.oblique {font-style:oblique;}
Font Size
The font-size property sets the size of the text.
Being able to manage the text size is important in web design. However, you should not use font size adjustments to make paragraphs look like headings, or headings look like paragraphs.
Always use the proper HTML tags, like <h1> - <h6> for headings and <p> for paragraphs.
The font-size value can be an absolute, or relative size.
Absolute size:
* Sets the text to a specified size
* Does not allow a user to change the text size in all browsers (bad for accessibility reasons)
* Absolute size is useful when the physical size of the output is known
Relative size:
* Sets the size relative to surrounding elements
* Allows a user to change the text size in browsers
Remark If you do not specify a font size, the default size for normal text, like paragraphs, is 16px (16px=1em).
Set Font Size With Pixels
Setting the text size with pixels, gives you full control over the text size:
Example
h1 {font-size:40px;}
h2 {font-size:30px;}
p {font-size:14px;}
The example above allows Firefox, Chrome, and Safari to resize the text, but not Internet Explorer.
The text can be resized in all browsers using the zoom tool (however, this resizes the entire page, not just the text).
Set Font Size With Em
To avoid the resizing problem with Internet Explorer, many developers use em instead of pixels.
The em size unit is recommended by the W3C.
1em is equal to the current font size. The default text size in browsers is 16px. So, the default size of 1em is 16px.
The size can be calculated from pixels to em using this formula: pixels/16=em
Example
h1 {font-size:2.5em;} /* 40px/16=2.5em */
h2 {font-size:1.875em;} /* 30px/16=1.875em */
p {font-size:0.875em;} /* 14px/16=0.875em */
In the example above, the text size in em is the same as the previous example in pixels. However, with the em size, it is possible to adjust the text size in all browsers.
Unfortunately, there is still a problem with IE. When resizing the text, it becomes larger than it should when made larger, and smaller than it should when made smaller.
Use a Combination of Percent and Em
The solution that works in all browsers, is to set a default font-size in percent for the body element:
Example
body {font-size:100%;}
h1 {font-size:2.5em;}
h2 {font-size:1.875em;}
p {font-size:0.875em;}
All CSS Font Properties
Property Description
font Sets all the font properties in one declaration
font-family Specifies the font family for text
font-size Specifies the font size of text
font-style Specifies the font style for text
font-variant Specifies whether or not a text should be displayed in a small-caps font
font-weight Specifies the weight of a font
CSS Links
Styling Links
Links can be styled with any CSS property (e.g. color, font-family, background, etc.).
Special for links are that they can be styled differently depending on what state they are in.
The four links states are:
* a:link - a normal, unvisited link
* a:visited - a link the user has visited
* a:hover - a link when the user mouses over it
* a:active - a link the moment it is clicked
Example
a:link {color:#FF0000;} /* unvisited link */
a:visited {color:#00FF00;} /* visited link */
a:hover {color:#FF00FF;} /* mouse over link */
a:active {color:#0000FF;} /* selected link */
Posted by Deepak chauhan
When setting the style for several link states, there are some order rules:
* a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited
* a:active MUST come after a:hover
Common Link Styles
In the example above the link changes color depending on what state it is in.
Lets go through some of the other common ways to style links:
Text Decoration
The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links:
Example
a:link {text-decoration:none;}
a:visited {text-decoration:none;}
a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}
a:active {text-decoration:underline;}
Background Color
The background-color property specifies the background color for links:
Example
a:link {background-color:#B2FF99;}
a:visited {background-color:#FFFF85;}
a:hover {background-color:#FF704D;}
a:active {background-color:#FF704D;}
CSS Lists
The CSS list properties allow you to:
* Set different list item markers for ordered lists
* Set different list item markers for unordered lists
* Set an image as the list item marker
List
In HTML, there are two types of lists:
* unordered lists - the list items are marked with bullets
* ordered lists - the list items are marked with numbers or letters
With CSS, lists can be styled further, and images can be used as the list item marker.
Different List Item Markers
The type of list item marker is specified with the list-style-type property:
Example
ul.a {list-style-type: circle;}
ul.b {list-style-type: square;}
ol.c {list-style-type: upper-roman;}
ol.d {list-style-type: lower-alpha;}
An Image as The List Item Marker
To specify an image as the list item marker, use the list-style-image property:
Example
ul
{
list-style-image: url('sqpurple.gif');
}
The example above does not display equally in all browsers. IE and Opera will display the image-marker a little bit higher than Firefox, Chrome, and Safari.
If you want the image-marker to be placed equally in all browsers, a crossbrowser solution is explained below.
Crossbrowser Solution
The following example displays the image-marker equally in all browsers:
Example
ul
{
list-style-type: none;
padding: 0px;
margin: 0px;
}
li
{
background-image: url(sqpurple.gif);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: 0px 5px;
padding-left: 14px;
}
Example explained:
* For ul:
o Set the list-style-type to none to remove the list item marker
o Set both padding and margin to 0px (for cross-browser compatibility)
* For li:
o Set the URL of the image, and show it only once (no-repeat)
o Position the image where you want it (left 0px and down 5px)
o Position the text in the list with padding-left
Posted by Deepak chauhan
List - Shorthand property
It is also possible to specify all the list properties in one, single property. This is called a shorthand property.
The shorthand property used for lists, is the list-style property:
Example
ul
{
list-style: square url("sqpurple.gif");
}
When using the shorthand property, the order of the values are:
* list-style-type
* list-style-position (for a description, see the CSS properties table below)
* list-style-image
It does not matter if one of the values above are missing, as long as the rest are in the specified order.
All CSS List Properties
CSS list-style Property
Example
Specify all the list properties in one declaration:
ul
{
list-style:square url("sqpurple.gif");
}
Definition and Usage
The list-style shorthand property sets all the list properties in one declaration.
The properties that can be set, are (in order): list-style-type, list-style-position, list-style-image.
If one of the values above are missing, e.g. "list-style:circle inside;", the default value for the missing property will be inserted, if any.
Default value: disc outside none
Inherited: yes
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.listStyle="decimal inside"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The list-style-image property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
CSS list-style-image Property
Example
Specify an image as the list-item marker in a list:
ul
{
list-style-image:url("/images/blueball.gif");
list-style-type:square;
}
Definition and Usage
The list-style-image property replaces the list-item marker with an image.
Note: Always specify the list-style-type property in addition. This property is used if the image for some reason is unavailable.
Default value: none
Inherited: yes
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.listStyleImage="url('/images/blueball.gif')"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The list-style-image property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
Property Values
Value Description
url The path to the image to be used as a list-item marker
none No image will be displayed. Instead, the list-style-type property will define what type of list marker will be rendered. This is default
inherit Specifies that the value of the list-style-image property should be inherited from the parent element
CSS list-style-position Property
Example
Specify that the the list-item markers should appear inside the content flow (results in an extra indentation):
ul
{
list-style-position:inside;
}
Definition and Usage
The list-style-position property specifies if the list-item markers should appear inside or outside the content flow.
Outside:
* Coffee
* Tea
* Coca-cola
Inside:
* Coffee
* Tea
* Coca-cola
Default value: outside
Inherited: yes
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.listStylePosition="inside"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The list-style-position property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: The value "inherit" is not supported in IE7 and earlier. IE8 requires a !DOCTYPE. IE9 supports "inherit".
Property Values
Value Description
inside Indents the marker and the text. The bullets appear inside the content flow
outside Keeps the marker to the left of the text. The bullets appears outside the content flow. This is default
inherit Specifies that the value of the list-style-position property should be inherited from the parent element
CSS list-style-type Property
Example
Set some different list styles:
ul.circle {list-style-type:circle}
ul.square {list-style-type:square}
ol.upper-roman {list-style-type:upper-roman}
ol.lower-alpha {list-style-type:lower-alpha}
Definition and Usage
The list-style-type specifies the type of list-item marker in a list.
Default value: "disc" for <ul> and "decimal" for <ol>
Inherited: yes
Version: CSS1
JavaScript syntax: object.style.listStyleType="square"
Browser Support
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Google Chrome Safari
The list-style-type property is supported in all major browsers.
Note: IE9 and Opera 11 do not support: cjk-ideographic, hebrew, hiragana, hiragana-iroha, katakana, and katakana-iroha.
Note: IE8, and earlier, only support the property values: decimal-leading-zero, lower-greek, lower-latin, upper-latin, armenian, georgian, and inherit if a DOCTYPE is specified!
Property Values
Value Description
armenian The marker is traditional Armenian numbering
circle The marker is a circle
cjk-ideographic The marker is plain ideographic numbers
decimal The marker is a number. This is default for <ol>
decimal-leading-zero The marker is a number with leading zeros (01, 02, 03, etc.)
disc The marker is a filled circle. This is default for <ul>
georgian The marker is traditional Georgian numbering
hebrew The marker is traditional Hebrew numbering
hiragana The marker is traditional Hiragana numbering
hiragana-iroha The marker is traditional Hiragana iroha numbering
inherit The value of the listStyleType property is inherited from parent element
katakana The marker is traditional Katakana numbering
katakana-iroha The marker is traditional Katakana iroha numbering
lower-alpha The marker is lower-alpha (a, b, c, d, e, etc.)
lower-greek The marker is lower-greek
lower-latin The marker is lower-latin (a, b, c, d, e, etc.)
lower-roman The marker is lower-roman (i, ii, iii, iv, v, etc.)
none No marker is shown
square The marker is a square
upper-alpha The marker is upper-alpha (A, B, C, D, E, etc.)
upper-latin The marker is upper-latin (A, B, C, D, E, etc.)
upper-roman The marker is upper-roman (I, II, III, IV, V, etc.)
CSS Tables
Table Borders
To specify table borders in CSS, use the border property.
The example below specifies a black border for table, th, and td elements:
Example
table, th, td
{
border: 1px solid black;
}
Notice that the table in the example above has double borders. This is because both the table, th, and td elements have separate borders.
To display a single border for the table, use the border-collapse property.
Collapse Borders
The border-collapse property sets whether the table borders are collapsed into a single border or separated:
Example
table
{
border-collapse:collapse;
Posted by Deepak chauhan
}
table,th, td
{
border: 1px solid black;
}
Table Width and Height
Width and height of a table is defined by the width and height properties.
The example below sets the width of the table to 100%, and the height of the th elements to 50px:
Example
table
{
width:100%;
}
th
{
height:50px;
}
Table Text Alignment
The text in a table is aligned with the text-align and vertical-align properties.
The text-align property sets the horizontal alignment, like left, right, or center:
Example
td
{
text-align:right;
}
The vertical-align property sets the vertical alignment, like top, bottom, or middle:
Example
td
{
height:50px;
vertical-align:bottom;
}
Table Padding
To control the space between the border and content in a table, use the padding property on td and th elements:
Example
td
{
padding:15px;
}
Table Color
The example below specifies the color of the borders, and the text and background color of th elements:
Example
table, td, th
{
border:1px solid green;
}
th
{
background-color:green;
color:white;
}
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